Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa - biography, information, personal life. A brilliant scientist and consummate experimenter. Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa P l Kapitsa life and discoveries

Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa short biography famous physicist is described in this article.

Petr Kapitsa short biography

Born July 8, 1894 in Kronstadt.
In 1905 he entered the gymnasium. A year later, due to poor performance in Latin, he transferred to the Kronstadt real school. After graduating from college, in 1914 he entered the electromechanical faculty of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. He graduated with honors from the institute and began to teach. But after the death of his wife and children in 1921, he decided to leave and got a job at the University of Cambridge in England, where he worked under Lord.
In 1929 he was elected to the British Academy of Sciences.

In 1934, Kapitsa, who was then working on an expansion refrigeration plant - a turbo-expander capable of receiving liquid oxygen and other gases, went to a scientific seminar in Russia. There, his passport was taken away from him and he was not allowed back to England. He was forcibly left in his homeland and appointed director of the Institute of Physical Problems.

In 1938 he made a major discovery - discovered the superfluidity of liquid helium. For this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978. But when in 1946 Beria offered him to work on nuclear weapons, Kapitsa, a man of great courage and incomparable moral principles, flatly refused. He was subjected to many years of house arrest at his dacha, in the village of Nikolina Gora. He did not waste time there either: he created a unique high-frequency generator, called the "nigotron".

Up to the high rates that are needed for the synthesis of atomic nuclei - such is the range of many years of activity of Academician Kapitsa. He twice became a Hero of Socialist Labor, and also received the Stalin and Nobel Prizes.

Childhood

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, whose biography will be presented in this article, was born in Kronstadt in 1894. His father Leonid Petrovich was a military engineer and was engaged in the construction of Kronstadt fortifications. Mom - Olga Ieronimovna - was a specialist in folklore and children's literature.

In 1905, Petya was sent to study at the gymnasium, but due to poor progress (Latin is poorly given), the boy leaves it after a year. The future academician continues his studies at the Kronstadt School. He graduated with honors in 1912.

Studying at the University

Initially, Pyotr Kapitsa (see photo below) planned to study at the Physics and Mathematics Department of St. Petersburg University, but he was not taken there. The young man decided to try his luck at the "polytechnic", and luck smiled at him. Peter was enrolled in the electromechanical faculty. Already in the first year, Professor A.F. Ioffe drew the attention of a talented young man and attracted the young man to research in his own laboratory.

Army and wedding

In 1914, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa went to Scotland, where he planned to practice his English. But the First World War began, and the young man could not return home in August. He arrived in Petrograd only in November.

In early 1915, Peter volunteered for the Western Front. He was appointed to the position of the driver of an ambulance. He also transported the wounded on his truck.

In 1916 he was demobilized, and Peter returned to the institute. Ioffe immediately loaded the young man with experimental work in a physical laboratory and attracted him to participate in his own physics seminar (the first in Russia). In the same year, Kapitsa published his first article. He also married Nadezhda Chernosvitova, who was the daughter of one of the members of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party.

Work at the new physics institute

In 1918, A.F. Ioffe organized the first scientific research physical institute in Russia. Pyotr Kapitsa, whose quotes can be read below, graduated from the Polytechnic this year and immediately got a job as a teacher there.

The difficult post-revolutionary situation did not bode well for science. Ioffe helped keep the seminars for his own students, among whom was Peter. He urged Kapitsa to leave Russia, but the government did not give permission for this. Maxim Gorky, who was then considered the most influential writer, helped. Peter was allowed to leave for England. Shortly before Kapitsa's departure, an influenza epidemic broke out in St. Petersburg. Within a month, the young scientist lost his wife, newborn daughter, son and father.

Work in England

In May 1921, Peter arrived in England as part of the Russian Commission from the Academy of Sciences. The main goal of scientists was to restore scientific ties broken by war and revolution. Two months later, physicist Pyotr Kapitsa got a job at the Cavendish Laboratory, headed by Rutherford. He accepted the young man for a short-term internship. Over time, the engineering acumen and research skills of the Russian scientist made a strong impression on Rutherford.

In 1922, Kapitsa defended his doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge. His scientific authority grew in 1923, he was awarded the Maxwell Fellowship. A year later, the scientist became deputy director of the laboratory.

New marriage

In 1925, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was visiting Academician A.N. Krylov in Paris, who introduced him to his daughter Anna. Two years later, she became the wife of a scientist. After the wedding, Peter bought a piece of land on Huntington Road and built a house. Soon his sons, Andrey and Sergey, will be born here.

Magnetic world champion

Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa, whose biography is known to all physicists, actively continues to study the processes of transformation of nuclei and He comes up with a new installation for generating stronger magnetic fields and obtains record results, 6-7 thousand times higher than the previous ones. Then Landau dubbed him "the magnetic champion of the world."

Return to the USSR

Investigating the properties of metals in magnetic fields, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa realized the need to change the experimental conditions. Lower (gel) temperatures were required. It was in the field of low-temperature physics that the scientist achieved the greatest success. But Peter Leonidovich conducted research on this topic already at home.

Soviet government officials regularly offered him permanent residence in the USSR. The scientist was interested in such proposals, but he always set a number of conditions, the main of which was travel to the West at will. The government did not go along.

In the summer of 1934, Kapitsa and his wife visited the USSR, but when they were about to leave for England, it turned out that their visas had been cancelled. Later, Anna was allowed to return for the children and take them to Moscow. Rutherford and friends of Peter Alekseevich asked the Soviet government to allow Kapitsa to return to England to continue work. Everything was in vain.

In 1935, Pyotr Kapitsa, whose brief biography is known to all scientists, headed the Institute for Physical Problems at the Academy of Sciences. But before agreeing to this position, he demanded to buy the equipment on which he worked abroad. By that time, Rutherford had already come to terms with the loss of a valuable employee and sold the equipment from the laboratory.

Letters to the government

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (photo attached to the article) returned to his homeland with the beginning of Stalin's purges. Even during this difficult time, he vehemently defended his views. Knowing that everything in the country is decided by the top leadership, he regularly wrote letters, thereby trying to conduct a frank and direct conversation. From 1934 to 1983, the scientist sent more than 300 letters to the Kremlin. Thanks to the intervention of Peter Leonidovich, many scientists were rescued from prisons and camps.

Further work and discovery

Whatever happened around, the physicist always found time for scientific work. On the installation delivered from England, he continued research in the field of strong magnetic fields. Employees from Cambridge took part in the experiments. These experiments continued for several years and were extremely important.

The scientist managed to improve the turbine of the device, and it began to liquefy the air more efficiently. There was no need to pre-cool the helium in the setup. It was automatically cooled during expansion in a special date tender. Similar gel installations are now used in almost all countries.

In 1937, after long research in this direction, Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa (the Nobel Prize will be awarded to the scientist 30 years later) made a fundamental discovery. He discovered the phenomenon of helium superfluidity. The main conclusion of the study: at temperatures below 2.19 °K there is no viscosity. In subsequent years, Petr Leonidovich discovered other anomalous phenomena occurring in helium. For example, the distribution of heat in it. Thanks to these studies, a new direction appeared in science - the physics of quantum liquids.

Rejection of the atomic bomb

In 1945, the Soviet Union launched a program to develop nuclear weapons. Pyotr Kapitsa, whose books were popular in scientific circles, refused to take part in it. For this, he was suspended from scientific activity and put under house arrest for eight years. Also, the scientist was deprived of the opportunity to communicate with his colleagues. But Petr Leonidovich did not lose heart and decided to organize a laboratory in his country house to continue his research.

It was there, in artisanal conditions, that high-power electronics was born, which became the first stage on the path of subordinating thermonuclear energy. But the scientist was able to return to full-fledged experiments only after his release in 1955. He began by studying high-temperature plasmas. The discoveries made during that period formed the basis of a permanent operation scheme.

Some of his experiments gave a new impetus to the creativity of science fiction writers. Each writer tried to express his thoughts on this matter. Pyotr Kapitsa also studied ball lightning and the hydrodynamics of thin liquid layers during that period. But his burning interest was in the properties of plasmas and microwave generators.

Travel abroad and the Nobel Prize

In 1965, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa received government permission to travel to Denmark. There he was awarded the gold medal of Niels Bohr. The physicist toured the local laboratories and gave a lecture on high energies. In 1969, the scientist and his wife visited the United States for the first time.

In mid-October 1978, the scientist received a telegram from the Swedish Academy of Sciences. The headline had the inscription: “Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel Prize". The physicist received it for fundamental research in the field of low temperatures. This good news "overtook" the scientist during his vacation in "Barvikha" near Moscow.

The journalists who interviewed him asked: “Which of your personal scientific achievements do you consider the most significant?” Petr Leonidovich said that the most important thing for a scientist is his current work. "Personally, I'm doing thermonuclear fusion now," he added.

Kapitza's lecture in Stockholm at the award ceremony was unusual. Contrary to the charter, he gave a lecture not on the topic of low temperature physics, but on plasma and controlled thermonuclear reaction. Pyotr Leonidovich explained the reason for this liberties. The scientist said: “It was difficult for me to choose a topic for the Nobel lecture. I received an award for research in the field of low temperatures, but I have not been engaged in them for more than 30 years. At my institute, of course, they continue to study this topic, but I myself have completely switched to studying the processes necessary for the implementation of a thermonuclear reaction. I believe that at present this area is more interesting and relevant, as it will help in solving the problem of the impending energy crisis.”

The scientist died in 1984, a little short of his 90th birthday. In conclusion, we present his most famous statements.

Quotes

"The freedom of a person can be limited in two ways: by violence or by the education of conditioned reflexes in him."

"A man is young as long as he does stupid things."

"The one who knows what he wants is talented."

"Geniuses do not give birth to an era, but are born by an era."

“In order to be happy, a person needs to imagine himself free.”

“Whoever has patience wins. Only exposure is not for a couple of hours, but for many years.

“Do not gloss over, but emphasize the contradictions. They contribute to the development of science."

“Science should be simple, exciting and fun. The same applies to scientists."

“Deceit is a necessary element of a democratic system, since the progressive principle rests on a small number of people. The wishes of the majority will simply stop progress.”

"Life is like a card game in which you participate without knowing the rules."

Kapitsa P.L. Adiabatic method of helium liquefaction / P.L.Kapitsa //Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1936. - T.16, N 2. - C.145-164. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Wave flow of thin layers of a viscous fluid. Part I. Free flow / P. L. Kapitsa // Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. - 1948. - T.18, N 1. - C.3-18. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Wave flow of thin layers of a viscous fluid. Part II. Flow in contact with gas flow and heat transfer / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. - 1948. - T.18, N 1. - C.19-28. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Wave flow of thin layers of a viscous fluid. Part III. Experimental study of the wave regime of the flow / P.L. Kapitsa, S.P. Kapitsa // Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. - 1949. - T.19, N 2. - C.105-120. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Calculation of the sums of negative even powers of the roots of Bessel functions / P. L. Kapitsa // Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - 1951. - T.77. - S.561-564. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Viscosity of liquid helium at temperatures below the lambda point / P. L. Kapitsa // Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - 1938. - T.18, N 1. - S. 21-23. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Hydrodynamic theory of lubrication during rolling / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of Technical Physics. - 1955. - T.25, N 4. - S.747-762. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Expander plant for helium liquefaction / P. L. Kapitsa, I. B. Danilov // Journal of technical physics. - 1961. - T.31, N 4. - S.486-494. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Cascade-type helium expander liquefier without extraneous refrigerants / P. L. Kapitsa, I. B. Danilov // Journal of Technical Physics. - 1962. - T.32, N 4. - C.457-460. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Dynamic stability of a pendulum with an oscillating suspension point / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. - 1951. - T.21, N 5. - C.588-597. BUT

Kapitsa P. Report on the organization of scientific work at the Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. - Moscow: Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1943. - 23 p. 53-К.202 to/x

Kapitsa P.L. Life for science. Lomonosov, Franklin, Rutherford, Langevin. - M.: Knowledge, 1965. - 63 p. 53-К.202 to/x

Kapitsa P. Dependence of the radiation boundary in the continuous X-ray spectrum on the emission azimuth and the influence of the anti-cathode metal / P. Kapitsa // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1921. - V.2, N 2. - S.322-323. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Why do you need fame? / P.L. Kapitsa // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.80-90. Statements and reflections of P. L. Kapitsa from manuscripts, published articles, transcripts of his lectures and speeches. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Investigation of the mechanism of heat transfer in helium-II / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of Experimental and Technical Physics. - 1941.- T.11, N 1. - C.1-31. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. On the issue of the formation of sea waves by the wind / P.L. Kapitsa // Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - 1949. - T.64, N 4. - C.513-516. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Pendulum with a vibrating suspension / P.L. Kapitsa // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1951. - T.44, N 1 - S.7-20. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Plasma heating by magnetoacoustic oscillations / P.L. Kapitsa, L.P. Pitaevskii // Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. - 1974. - T.67, N 4. - S.1411-1421. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Scientific works. Science and modern society. - M.: Nauka, 1998. - 539 p. Ch 21-K.202 BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Scientific Institute - an indivisible organism / P. L. Kapitsa // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - P.146. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Nobel lecture. Plasma and controlled thermonuclear reaction // Nobel Prize. - V.7: 1975-1978. - M., 2006. - S.347-381. - (Nobel lectures - 100 years). B3-H.721/7 BUT

Kapitsa P.L. On the production and use of liquid oxygen. (Report at the meeting of the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on June 18, 1945 at the session of the Academy of Sciences dedicated to the 220th anniversary of its foundation) / P. L. Kapitsa // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1994. - T.164, N 12. - S.1263-1268. P. L. Kapitsa repeated more than once: "The task of a scientist is not only to be right, but also to be able to prove his case and propagate his ideas." Pyotr Leonidovich never spared neither time nor effort for this work. In April 1938, he wrote a letter to V.M. Molotov, in which he talked about a new method he had developed for obtaining oxygen from the air on an industrial scale, sent on December 2, 1945 to the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars I.V. Stalin "Note on Glavkislorode". The report refers to an oxygen plant on the territory of the Institute of Physical Problems (installation TK-200 or Object N 1. The IFP oxygen plant, commissioned in April 1943, produced 200 kg of liquid oxygen per hour and provided 3/4 of the needs Moscow in oxygen In January 1945, in Balashikha, near Moscow, a government commission adopted Object No. 2, the TK-200 turbo-oxygen unit - 40 tons of liquid oxygen per day, approximately 1/6 of the oxygen production in the country! P. L. Kapitsa of pre-disgraceful years. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. On the nature of ball lightning / P. L. Kapitsa // Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - 1955. - T.101, N 2. - C.245-248. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. On the superfluidity of liquid helium-II / P.L. Kapitsa // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1944. - T.26, N 2. - C.133-143. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. About Phystech / P.L. Kapitsa // I am Phystech. - M., 1996. - S.11-17. D97-119 kh4

Kapitsa P.L. Opening of the Mondovskaya laboratory: Letter to mother / P. L. Kapitsa // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.114-117. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Reports on scientific activity for 1946-1955. (From the archive of P.L. Kapitsa) / P.L. Kapitsa // Successes in physical sciences. - 1994. - T.164, N 12. - S.1269-1276. On August 17, 1946, I.V. Stalin signed the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the production of oxygen according to the method of Academician Kapitsa". Just a year and a half after P.L. Kapitsa "for the successful scientific development of a new turbine method for producing oxygen" received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, he was removed from the post of head of the Glavkisloroda and from the post of director of the Institute of Physical Problems "for failure to comply with the Government's decisions on development oxygen industry in the USSR, non-use of the existing advanced technology in the field of oxygen abroad, as well as non-use of the proposals of Soviet specialists. This was a punishment for refusing to participate in the work on the creation of the Soviet atomic bomb and for sharp attacks in letters to Stalin against the head of the atomic project L.P. Beria. On August 18, 1946, the countdown of the disgraced years of the great Russian scientist and engineer begins. He himself tells about what he did over the years in the "house-laboratory" on Nikolina Gora in his "individual reports of an academician", which he sent in accordance with the Charter of the USSR Academy of Sciences to the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Letters about science, 1930-1980 / Compiled, foreword. and note. Rubinina P.E. - M.: Mosk.worker, 1989. - 400 p. Letters from acad. P. L. Kapitsa to party and statesmen, prominent scientists: I. V. Stalin, V. M. Molotov, G. M. Malenkov, N. S. Khrushchev, V. I. Mezhlauk, S. I. Vavilov, A .N.Nesmeyanov, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac and others.

Kapitsa P.L. Letter to O.Yu. Schmidt / Publ. prepared Khramov Yu.A., Matveeva L.V., Kisterskaya L.D. // Essays on the history of natural science and technology. - Kyiv, 1990. - Issue. 37. - S.76-86. Letters to O.Yu. Schmidt and an extract from a letter to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences Acad. V.L. Komarov. С4208 to/x

Kapitsa P.L. Useful obtaining of energy from thermonuclear reactors / PL Kapitsa // Letters to the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. - 1975. - T.22, N 1. - S.20-25. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Calculation of the helium liquefaction cycle with cascade inclusion of expanders / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of Technical Physics. - 1959. - T.29, N 4. - S.427-432. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Speech at a rally of representatives of the Jewish people / P. L. Kapitsa // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - P. 169. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Free plasma filament in a high-frequency field at high pressure / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of experimental and technical physics. - 1969. - T.57, N 6. - S.1801-1866. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Properties of liquid helium / P.L. Kapitsa // Priroda. - 1997. - N 12. - S.10-18. In 1997, it was 60 years since the outstanding Russian scientist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa discovered the superfluidity of helium, a phenomenon that, at first glance, does not fit into the framework of everyday concepts of liquid at all. Investigations of superfluidity have greatly expanded the understanding of the physics of the condensed state and contributed to the understanding of a number of other phenomena, such as, for example, the superconductivity of metals. The recognition of the importance of P. L. Kapitza's work is the Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded to him (1978) for "fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics." The publication presents a report by Petr Leonidovich, where he presented in a popular form the main ideas and results of his research on superfluid helium. The report was read at the conference "Problems of Modern Science" at Moscow University on December 21, 1944 and published for the first time. In him in question about the most common isotope of helium - ("4) He, which Kapitsa was engaged in research. The superfluidity of another stable isotope of helium - ("3) He - was discovered much later (1972), and this discovery was also noted as a significant success of physical. science Nobel Prize. This report, which has independent scientific and historical value, is a brilliant example of how "complex matters" can be conveyed in a popular form to an audience that is not directly related to this field. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Strong magnetic fields: Nauch. tr. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 461 p. B33-K.20 BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Symmetrical electrical oscillations of an ideally conducting hollow cylinder of finite length / P. L. Kapitsa, V. A. Fok, L. A. Vainshtein // Journal of Technical Physics. - 1959. - T.29, N 10. - S.1188-1205. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Static boundary value problems for a hollow cylinder of finite length / P. L. Kapitsa, V. A. Fok, L. A. Vainshtein // Journal of Technical Physics. - 1959. - T.29, N 10. - S.1177-1187. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Theoretical and empirical expressions for heat transfer in a two-dimensional turbulent flow / P. L. Kapitsa // Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - 1947. - T.55, N 7. - C.595-602. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Heat transfer and superfluidity of helium-II / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of experimental and technical physics. - 1941. - T.11, N 6. - C.580-591. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Thermonuclear reactor with a plasma column freely floating in a high-frequency field / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. - 1970. - T.58, N 2. - S.377-386. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Turbo expander for obtaining low temperatures and its application for air liquefaction / P. L. Kapitsa // Journal of technical physics. - 1939. - V.9, N 2. - C.99-123. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Installation for obtaining a free plasma cord. Determination of the current and resistance of the cord / P.L. Kapitsa, S.I. Filimonov // Journal of Experimental and Technical Physics. - 1971. - T.61, N 3. - S.1016-1037. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Stability and transition through critical revolutions of rapidly rotating rotors in the presence of friction / P.L. Kapitsa // Journal of technical physics. - 1939. - V.9, N 2. - C.124-147. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Physics and technology of low temperatures: Nauch. tr. - M.: Nauka, 1989. - 390 p. В36-К.202 BUT

Kapitsa P.L. "What does a scientist really need?": A letter to his wife in Cambridge / P. L. Kapitsa // Science and Life. - M., 1994. - N 7. - S.22-27. The letter was written in 1935. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Experiment. Theory. Practice: Articles, speeches - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 287 p. B3-K.202 BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Experiment. Theory. Practice: Articles, speeches - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 495 p. B3-K.202 BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Experimental studies in strong magnetic fields / PL Kapitsa // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1931. - T.11, N 4. - S.533-553. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. High Power Electronics and Plasma Physics: Nauch. tr. / P.L. Kapitsa; Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Inst. prob. them. P. L. Kapitsa. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 403 p. D91-171 kx

Kapitsa P.L. Energy and physics. Report at the Anniversary Session of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, dedicated. 250th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - M., 1975. - 15 p. G75-13943 to/x

Fowler R.H. Magnetostriction and the phenomena of the Curie point / R.H.Fowler, P.Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1929. - V.A124. - P.1-15.

Kapitza P.L. A-ray tracks in a strong magnetic field / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1924. - V.A106. - P.602-622.

Kapitza P. The change of electrical conductivity in strong magnetic field / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1929. - V.A123. - P.292-341.

Kapitza P. The change of resistance of gold crystals at very low temperature in a magnetic field and supra-conductivity / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1930. - V.A126. - P.683-695.

Kapitza P. Erwiderung auf einige Bemerkungen von 0. Stierstadt uber einen prinzipiellen Fehler bei meinen Messungen uber die Widerstandsanderung in starken Magnetfeldern / P. Kapitza // Zeitschrift fur Physik. - 1931. - Bd.69. - S.421-423. BUT

Kapitza P. Further developments of the method of obtaining strong magnetic fields / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1927. - V. A115. - P.658-683.

Kapitza P. Hydrogen liquefaction plant at the Royal Society Mond laboratory / P. Kapitza, J. D. Cockcroft // Nature. - 1932. - V.129, N 3250. - P.224-226. BUT

Kapitza P. The liquefaction of helium by an adiabatic method / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1934. - V.A147. - P.189-211. BUT

Kapitza P. Liquefaction of helium by an adiabatic method without pre-cooling with liquid hydrogen / P. Kapitza // Nature. - 1934. - V.133, N 3367. - P.708-709. BUT

Kapitza P.L. The loss of energy of an a-ray beam in its passage through matter. Part 1. Passage through air and CO2 // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1922. - V.A102. - P.48.

Kapitza P. Magnetostriction of diamagnetic substances in strong magnetic fields / P. Kapitza // Nature. - 1929. - V.124, N 3115. - P.53. BUT

Kapitza P. A method of measuring magnetic susceptibilities / P. Kapitza, W. L. Webster // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1931. - V.A132. - P.442-459.

Kapitza P.L. A method of producing strong magnetic fields / P.L. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1924. - V.A105. - P.691-710.

Kapitza P. Methods of experimenting in strong magnetic fields / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Physical Society. - 1930. - V.42. - P.425-430.

Kapitza P. A modified potentiometer for measuring very small resistances / P. Kapitza, C.J. Milner // Journal of Scientific Instruments. - 1937. - V.14, N 5. - P.165-166.

Kapitza P. Note on the use of liquid nitrogen in magnetic experiments / P. Kapitza, C.J. Milner // Journal of Scientific Instruments. - 1937. - V.14, N 6. - P.201-203.

Kapitza P.L. On the theory of d-radiation / P.L.Kapitza // Philosophical Magazin. - 1923. - V.45. - P.989-998.

Kapitza P. Over-tension in a condenser battery during a sudden discharge / P.Kapitza // Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophycal Society. - 1926, V.23. - P.144-149.

Kapitza P. A property of superconducting metals / P. Kapitza // Nature. - 1929. - V.123, N 3110. - P.870-871. BUT

Kapitza P.L. The reflection of electrons from standing light waves / P.L.Kapitza, P.A.M.Dirac // Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. - 1933. - V.29. - P.297-300.

Kapitza P. The study of the magnetic properties of matter in strong magnetic fields. Part 1. The balance and its properties. Part 2. The measurement of magnetization / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1931. - V.A131. - P.224-243.

Kapitza P. The study of the magnetic properties of matter in strong magnetic fields. Part 3 Magnetostriction. Part 4. The method of measuring magnetostriction in strong magnetic fields. Part 5. Experiments on magnetostriction in dia- and paramagnetic substances / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. - 1932. - V.A135. - P.537-600. BUT

Kapitza P. The study of the specific resistance of bismuth crystals and its change in strong magnetic fields and some allied problems / P. Kapitza // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1928. - V.A119. - P.358-443.

Kapitza P. The Zeeman and Paschen-Back Effects in Strong Magnetic Fields / P.Kapitza, P.G.Strelkov, E.Laurman // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. - 1938. - V.A167. - P.1-15.

/ P.Kapitza, H.W.Skinner // Nature. - 1924. - V.114, N 2860. - P.273. BUT

Kapitza P. The Zeeman effect in strong magnetic fields / P.Kapitza, H.W.B.Skinner // Proceedings of the Royal Society. - 1925. - V.A109. - P.224-239.

About Kapitsa

Andreev A.F. A word about Kapitsa / A.F. Andreev // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.4-6. BUT

Borovik-Romanov A.S. Life and scientific activity of P. L. Kapitsa: on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of P. L. Kapitsa / A. S. Borovik-Romanov // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1994. - T.164, N 12. - S.1215-1258. Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa is a scientist of a very broad profile. A prominent experimental physicist, he made a significant contribution to the development of the physics of magnetic phenomena, physics and technology of low temperatures, quantum physics of condensed matter, electronics and plasma physics. First of all, Kapitsa is an innovator, a person who was always looking for new ways and new solutions. The originality of his thinking was so great that most of these ways seemed completely incomprehensible. BUT

Volodin M. Soviet "centaur" - Pyotr Kapitsa / Volodin M. // First Crimean: information and analytical newspaper. - 2011. - N 378.

Everything simple is true ... Aphorisms and sayings of P. L. Kapitsa, his favorite parables, instructive stories, anecdotes / comp. P.E.Rubinin. - M.: MIPT, 1994. - 150 p.

Gorobets B. In the triangle "Kapitsa-Beria-Stalin" / B. Gorobets // World Energy. - 2008. - N 10.

Granin D.A. How to work as a genius // D.A. Granin Collected works: in 8 volumes - St. Petersburg: Vita Nova.
Vol. 4: [About geniuses: novels, essays; Bison: story / ill. V.A. Mishin]. - 2009. - S.202-214. B-G.771/N 4 kh4

The twentieth century of Anna Kapitsa: memoirs, letters / ed. prepared E.L. Kapitsey, P.E. Rubinin. - M.: Agraf, 2005. - 438 p. - (Symbols of time). V3-D.221 but

Dmitriev Yu.Yu. Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Biography / Yu.Yu.Dmitriev // Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics: Biographies, lectures, speeches.
T.2. 1951-1980. - St. Petersburg, 2009. - 936-938. V3-L.285/N 2 but

Dobrovolsky E.N. Kapitza's handwriting. - M.: Sov. Russia, 1968. - 177 p. B68-1600 to/x

Zhdanov G.B. Within the walls of the Institute of Physical Problems (in memory of Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa and Lev Davidovich Landau) // G.B. Zhdanov About physicists and physics of the twentieth century / G.B. Zhdanov. - M., 2001. - S. 33-35. G2001-6591 to/x

Zotikov I.A. House on Nikolina Gora / I.A. Zotikov // Science in Russia. - 1993. - N 2. - S.92-99. Memories of Academician P.L. Kapitsa (1894-1983) BUT

Zotikov I.A. Three houses of Peter Kapitsa / I.A. Zotikov // New World. - 1995. - N 7. - S.175-212. Memoirs about acad. P. L. Kapitse (1894-1983) C2429 to/x

Ivanova T. Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa / T. Ivanova // Moscow: city and man. - M., 1988. - Issue. 1. - S.385-396. Personality traits of the appearance of a scientist.

Ishlinsky A. Memory protects / A. Ishlinsky // Science and life. - 1994. - N 7. - S.20-21. To the 100th anniversary of Acad. P. L. Kapitsa. BUT

Kaganov M.I. On anniversary publications: On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of P.L. Kapitsa / M.I. Kaganov // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1994. - T.164, N 12. - S.1341-1344. BUT

Kapitsa A. Magnificent N. N. / A. Kapitsa // Kvant. - 1996. - N 6. - P.8. It tells about the friendship of N.N. Semenov and P.L. Kapitsa and the story of how B.M. Kustodiev painted a double portrait of Semenov and Kapitsa. R 5204 kx

Kapitsa A.A. "We needed each other ..." / A.A. Kapitsa // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2000. - T.70. - N 11. - C.1027-1043. The text of the speech of the widow of P. L. Kapitsa at the solemn meeting in the Hall of Columns on June 21, 1994, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of his birth. BUT

Kapitsa A.P. Remembering the father / A.P. Kapitsa // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.180-188. BUT

Kapitsa P.L., 1894-1984 // Russian science in faces / ed.: T.V. Mavrina, V.A. Popov. - M.: Academia, 2003. - S.220-269. Ch21/R763 BUT

Kapitsa S.P. Speech at a dinner at Trinity College in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Kapitsa: dokl. Scientific symp., dedicated 100th anniversary of the birth. P.L.Kapitsa, Cambridge, June 8, 1994 / S.P.Kapitsa // Advances in Physical Sciences. - 1995. - T.164, N 12. - S.1316-1318. G94-9350 kx

Kapitsa. There M. Semenov: In essays and letters: Collection / Ed. ed. A.F.Andreeva. - M.: Vagrius, 1998. - 575 p. B3-C.20 BUT

Castle W.F. Kapitsa and cryogenic technology: dokl. Scientific symp., dedicated 100th anniversary of the birth. P. L. Kapitsa, Cambridge, June 8, 1994 / V. F. Castle // Advances in Physical Sciences. - 1994. - T.164, N 12. - S. 1310-1312. BUT

Kedrov F.B. Kapitsa: life and discoveries / F.B.Kedrov. - M., 1984. - 189 p. G84-1607 to/x

Lifshits E.M. Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa: on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of P.L. Kapitsa / E.M. Lifshits // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1994. - T.164. - N 12. - S.1259-1261. An attempt is made to emphasize those features that make Kapitsa's position and role in the development of Soviet and world physics exceptional. The unique feature of Kapitsa's scientific appearance is that he is one of the very few in which an outstanding experimental physicist is combined with a talented engineer. BUT

Yu.P. Lyubimov Not only theater / Yu.P. Lyubimov // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.160-166. BUT

Monologues about Kapitsa // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 1994. - T.64. - N 6. - S.511-523. BUT

Oklyansky Yu.M. The dissolute classic and the Centaur: A.N. Tolstoy and P.L. Kapitsa: an English trace / Yuri Oklyansky. - M.: Pech. traditions, 2009. - 606 p. G2009-8520 SH5(2=R)7/O.507 R/W3

Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa: memoirs, letters, documents / Ros. acad. sciences; [comp. E.L. Kapitsa, P.E. Rubinin]. - M.: Nauka, 1994. - 542 p. - (Series "Scientists of Russia. Essays. Memoirs. Materials"). G94-9350 kx

Rubinin P.E. Archive of P.L. Kapitsa / P.E. Rubinin; Polytechnic Museum // Problems of cultural heritage in the field of engineering. - M.: Inform-Knowledge, 2000. - S.40-74. A brief outline of the life and work of Academician Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894-1984) is given. The history of his personal archive, which is stored in the P. L. Kapitsa Memorial Study-Museum in the house where he lived for 28 years, is described. The surviving extensive correspondence of the scientist is covered in more detail.

Rubinin P.E. Twenty-two reports of Academician P.L. Kapitsa / P.E. Rubinin // Chemistry and Life. - 1985. - N 3-5. C1430 to/x

Rubinin P. The history of one discovery in letters and documents (to the 60th anniversary of the discovery of superconductivity) // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1997. - T.167. - N 12. - S.1349-1360. In a popular lecture given in December 1940 on the discovery of superfluidity, P.L. Kapitsa said: “For the first time in my life, I managed to find such a fundamental property of matter. I did a lot of experiments in different fields, but this is already a matter of luck or bad luck. When such an opportunity turned up, it was impossible to miss it. " The documentary chronicle, which is offered to the reader, will allow him to assess the degree of "luck" of P. L. Kapitsa, the length and thorny path to such a "chance", which he did not miss. A significant part of the published materials is stored in the archives of P. L. Kapitsa at the Institute of Physical Problems and is published for the first time. BUT

Rubinin P.E. How the memorial museum of P. L. Kapitsa was created / P. E. Rubinin // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2000. - T.70, N 11. - S.1029-1037. The essay on the memorial museum of Academician P. L. Kapitsa (1894-1984) emphasizes the role of the widow of the scientist A. A. Kapitsa in its creation. BUT

Rubinin P.E. Kapitsa in my old notebooks / P.E. Rubinin // Nature. - 2007. - N 6. - S.71-81. The notebooks of P.E. "strokes to the portrait". BUT

Rubinin P.E. Kapitsa P.L. Biography / P.E.Rubinin // Alternative energy and ecology. - 2009. - N 10. - S.152-154. T2887 to/x

Rubinin P.E. P.L.Kapitsa and Kharkov (Chronicle in Letters and Documents) / P.E.Rubinin // Low Temperature Physics. - 1994. - T.20. - N 7. - S.699-734. BUT

Rubinin P.E. E.M. Lifshits and P.L. Kapitsa / P.E. Rubinin // Nature. - 1995. - N 11. - S.99-103. Until the end of his life, E.M. Lifshitz was grateful to P.L. Kapitza for saving his teacher and friend L.D. Landau from death in the Stalinist camps. Kapitsa and Lifshitz, however, were brought together not only by a feeling of gratitude, although it undoubtedly brought human warmth into their relationship. Still, the main thing that brought them together was science, their favorite physics, their common cause. BUT

Rubinin P.E. Favorite thing: letters of student P. L. Kapitsa, 1916-1919. / P.E. Rubinin // Readings in memory of A.F. Ioffe, 1986. - L., 1988. - P.5-29. G88-19191 kx

Rubinin P.E. Methods and problems of Kapitza / P.E. Rubinin // I am a Phystech. - M., 1996. - S.179-194. D97-119 to/x

Rubinin P.E. A free man in a non-free country: On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Academician P. L. Kapitsa // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 1994. - T.64, N 6. - S.497-510. BUT

Rubinin P.E. Shalnikov and Kapitsa / P.E. Rubinin // Alexander Iosifovich Shalnikov. Essays. Memories. Materials. - SPb., 1992. - S.43-67. G92-1419 to/x

Smilga V.P. Physics as it is // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - P. 158. Memoirs about acad. P. L. Kapitse. To the 100th anniversary of the birth. BUT

Soldatova O.N. A student of Academician A.F. Ioffe - Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa / O.N. Soldatova // Bulletin of the archivist. - 2008. - N 2. - S.231-238.

Fedorov Alexander Sergeevich (1909-1996): [materials for the biography] / Inst. of the History of Natural Science and Technology. S. I. Vavilova Ros. acad. sciences; [compiled by: M.V. Mokrova, N.A. Fedorova]. - Moscow: Janus-K, 2010. - 142 p. - (Russian historians of science and technology / editorial board S.S. Ilizarov and others; issue 5). - In the book. See also: P. L. Kapitsa: how he was preserved in my memory / A. S. Fedorov. G2005-14833/N5 J-F.333 R/W4

Frenkel V.Ya. Meetings with Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa / V.Ya. Frenkel // Viktor Yakovlevich Frenkel (1930-1997): Recent works. Memoirs of colleagues and friends / Ros. acad. Sciences, Fiz.-tekhn. in-t im. A.F. Ioffe; [ed.-comp. V.G. Grigoryants and others]. - St. Petersburg: FTI, 2002. - S.32-67. V3-F.871 BUT

Khalatnikov Isaac Markovich. Dau, Centaur and others: (top nonsecret): [about L.D. Landau, P.L. Kapitsa] / I.M. Khalatnikov. - M.: Fizmatlit, 2007. - 190 p. B3-X.17 BUT

Chronicle: 1894-1984 // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.8-21. BUT

Scientific connections of P.L. Kapitsa

Gaidukov Yu.P. The history of the creation of the Department of Low Temperature Physics at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Academician A.I. Shalnikov) / Yu.P. Gaidukov, N.P. Danilova // Studies in the history of physics and mechanics. 2005. - M., 2006. - S.24-54. A little-known page in the biography of Academician P.L. Kapitsa is the head of the Department of Low Temperature Physics, established in 1943 at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. This department is the first step towards the creation of a new type of educational institution independent of the university - the Higher School of Physics and Technology. As a result of the energetic activity of the initiative group of representatives of the scientific and technical elite of the country, which was actually headed by P. L. Kapitsa, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology emerged. Next to Kapitsa, both in the creation of the Institute of Physics and Technology - the P.L. Kapitsa Institute, and in the creation of the department of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Moscow State University and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, was his faithful assistant - the future academician A.I. Shalnikov, "an experimenter by the grace of God." About these years of joint activity and about the "brainchild" of A.I. Shalnikov - the Cryogenic Building on the Lenin Hills, which now houses the Department of Low Temperature Physics and Superconductivity of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, is described in this article. B3-I.889/2005 BUT

Geno A.M. Kapitsa and Lancaster: dokl. Scientific symp., dedicated 100th anniversary of the birth. P. L. Kapitsy, Cambridge, June 8, 1994 / A. M. Geno // Advances in Physical Sciences. - 1994. - T.164. - N 12. - S.1315-1316. BUT

Diatroptov D.B. Lectures by P.L. Kapitsa / D.B. Diatroptov // Nature. - 1996. - N 10. - S. 87-93. An inquisitive student will feel the atmosphere of creative scientific work in Kapitsa's lectures and will draw a lot of good advice, and for teachers they contain hard-to-reach information on teaching physics by the inductive method. BUT

P. Dirac and P. L. Kapitsa // Science in the USSR. - 1989. - N 6. - S.95-99. Scientific contacts of P.L. Kapitza and P. Dirac. BUT

P. Dirac and P. L. Kapitsa: Letters 1935-1937. // Paul Dirac and physics of the XX century. - M., 1990. - S.115-137. G90-10378 to/x

Kaganov M.I. ZhETFu - 125 years / M.I. Kaganov // Advances in physical sciences. - 1999. - T.169, N 1. - S. 85-103. In 1998, the most important physic. journal of our country - the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JETF) - the successor of the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (ZhRFKhO), founded in 1873 at the Imperial St. Petersburg University. In 1930, the RFHO ceased to exist, and with it its body, the ZhRFHO. In 1931, ZhETF appeared to replace the Physical Part of ZhRFKhO; ZhETF, which is known to today's generation of physicists, "began" from the day when, in 1955, P. L. Kapitsa took the post of editor-in-chief of the journal on behalf of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. All these years, E.M. Lifshits was his acting deputy. ZhETF Kapitza and Lifshitz and ZhETF after their death - the main topic of the article. The publication uses documents from the archive and museum of P.L. Kapitsa, the editors of JETF. Facts related to 1873-1973 taken from the historical and scientific research by Yu.M. Tsipenyuk, published on the occasion of the centenary of the journal. BUT

Kapitsa P.L. Thirty-two years later // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.130-136. Memoirs of P. L. Kapitsa about work in England with Rutherford. BUT

Lev Vasilyevich Shubnikov // Readings in memory of A.F. Ioffe, 1990. - 1993. - P.3-19. The article is devoted to the life and work of L.V. Shubnikov (1901-1937). L.V. Shubnikov’s contacts with V.J. de Haas, P.S. Ehrenfest, E. Wirsma, L.D. Landau, P.L. Kapitsa and other outstanding physicists. G93-1653 kh4

Mukhin K.N. To the 100th anniversary of the Nobel Prizes (on the works of Russian Nobel Prize winners in physics) / K.N. Mukhin, A.F. Sustavov, V.N. Tikhonov // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 2003. - T.173, N 5. - S. 511-569. In connection with the recent centenary of the establishment of the Nobel Prizes, a popular review of the formation and development of several branches of physics, to which Russian Nobel Prize winners have made a significant contribution: P.A. Cherenkov, I.E. Tamm, I.M. Frank, L.D. .Landau, N.G. Basov, A.M. Prokhorov, P.L. Kapitsa and Zh.I. Alferov. BUT

Correspondence of A.F. Ioffe with P.L. Kapitsa // Readings in memory of A.F. Ioffe, 1993-1995: Sat. scientific tr. / RAN. Phys.-tech. in-t; ed. V.M. Tuchkevich. - SPb., 1995. - S.46-66. G95-9344 kh4

Portrait of an experimenter: Nikolai Evgenievich Alekseevsky: memoirs, articles, reports. - M.: Academia, 1996. - S. 149-156. The book is dedicated to the life and work of a corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR N.E. Alekseevskii (1912-1993), a specialist in the field of superconductivity and physics of metals. He happened to live and work during the rapid development of science in our country, he was one of those who created this science, brought her world fame and glory. The book consists of three parts. The first part contains the memoirs of N.E. Alekseevsky’s students and colleagues, the second part contains the memoirs of Nikolai Evgenievich himself about the remarkable physicists - L.V. Shubnikov, P.L. Kapitsa and others, with whom he happened to work, as well as some of his letters and speeches on the organization of science. Popular science articles are also published here. The third part contains letters and documents. Many pages of memoirs are interesting in that they convey the atmosphere of the Institute of Physical Problems, where N.E. Alekseevsky worked most of his life. G97-6609 kh4

Rutherford is a scientist and teacher. To the 100th anniversary of the birth: a collection of articles. / Ed. acad. P. L. Kapitsa. - M.: Nauka, 1973. - 215 p. G73-13822 to/x

Rubinin P.E. Niels Bohr and Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa / P.E. Rubinin // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1997. - T.167, N 1. - S.101-106. Correspondence of N. Bora and P. L. Kapitsa for 1925-1946 is given, as well as the meetings of scientists are told. BUT

Ryutova M.P. "There is an Academic Council and a seminar on Wednesdays. That's enough" / MP Ryutova // Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. - 1994. - T.164, N 12. - S. 1319-1340. Memories of work at the Institute of Physical Problems and seminars under the guidance of Academician P.L. Kapitsa. BUT

N.N. Semenov about himself. (From autobiographies of different years) // Kvant. - 1996. - N 6. - S. 5-7. The article is dedicated to the centenary of the birth of N.N. Semenov. It contains a brief biography of N.N. Semenov, an addition from the compiler about the persecution of Semenov for 13 years until the death of Stalin, and a letter to P.L. Kapitsa (1922), in which he convinces Kapitsa of the need to return to his homeland. BUT

Khariton Yu.B. Works of P. L. Kapitsa in the field of obtaining strong magnetic fields / Yu. B. Khariton // Readings in memory of A. F. Ioffe, 1993-1995: coll. scientific tr. / RAN. Phys.-tech. in-t; ed. V.M. Tuchkevich. - SPb., 1995. - S.39-45. G95-9344 kh4

Hoffman D. Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa and Max Born. Contact of life paths // Issues of the history of natural science and technology. - 1989. - N 3. - S.88-93. BUT

Schoenberg D. Kapitsa in Cambridge // Search. - 1994. - N 27. - P.3

Schoenberg D. Kapitsa in Cambridge and in Moscow: dokl. Scientific symp., dedicated 100th anniversary of the birth. P. L. Kapitsa, Cambridge, June 8, 1994 / D. Schoenberg // Advances in Physical Sciences. - 1994. - T. 164. - N 12. - S.1303-1307. BUT

- New Haven; London: Yale univ. press, 1985. - XI, 129 p., ill. Ind.: p.125-129. Relations between P.L. Kapitsa and E. Rutherford; personal correspondence of scientists. Biography of P. L. Kapitsa; years of life in the USSR (1934-1984); socio-political background of the development of science in these years; science and the state.

Hoffmann D. Begegnung zweier Lebenswege // Spectrum. - B., 1985. - Jg. 16, H. 7. - S.30-31. Scientific connections and communication between N. Bora and P. L. Kapitsa. Based on personal correspondence.

"Academician Kapitsa shows misunderstanding ...": (Documents on the scientist's letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU) // Search. - M., 1999. - N 22. - C.7. Documents on the letter of P. L. Kapitsa to the Central Committee of the CPSU dated December 15, 1955

Bloch A. Belated thaw // Poisk. - M., 2006. - N 32/33. - P.12-13. The history of the nomination of Soviet scientists for the Nobel Prize in 1955 in the field of physics and chemistry.

Bloch A. Belated thaw // Poisk. - M., 2006. - N 34/35. - C.22. From the history of the nomination of P. Kapitza for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955

Gorobets B.S. P. L. Kapitsa on the Lubyanka: a worn out myth and a consistent version of the release of L. D. Landau in 1939 / B. S. Gorobets // History of Science and Technology. - 2011. - N 10. - P.50-60. In April 1939, P.L. Kapitsa was summoned to the Lubyanka, where the high commissars (generals) of the NKVD, following the instructions of L.P. Beria, decided whether L.D. Landau could be released. After 1989, when P.L. Kapitsa was no longer alive (he died in 1984), people close to P.L. Kapitsa (his son S.P. Kapitsa, academicians I.M. Feinberg) published a version of Landau's release. It boils down to the fact that Kapitsa convinced the NKVD commissars that Landau could not be a German spy and gave a written guarantee for him. Everyone believed in this lightweight "bullshit". And they still believe. The reason for the arrest, according to the author, was an "anti-Stalinist leaflet". BUT

Gorobets B.S. Myth 2: Opal of P. L. KAPITSA (1946-1953) - a critical analysis of causes and forms. Part 1. 1946: "Oxygen overlap" / B.S. Gorobets // History of science and technology. - 2010. - N 3. - S.57-70. BUT

Gorobets B.S. Myth 2: Opala P. L. Kapitsa (1946-1953) - a critical analysis of causes and forms. Part 2. withdrawal from the nuclear special committee and its consequences B.S. Gorobets // History of science and technology. - 2010. - N 4. - S.49-64. BUT

Dzhoravsky D. Between physics and politics / D. Dzhoravsky // New time. - 1988. - N 28. - S.36-39. Pyotr Kapitsa - through the eyes of an American historian. C1472 to/x

Esakov Vladimir Dmitrievich Kapitsa, Kremlin and science: in 2 volumes. V.1: Creation of the Institute of Physical Problems. 1934-1938 / V.D. Esakov, P.E. Rubinin. - M.: Nauka, 2003. - 655 p. B3/E81/1 but

Esakov V.D. Why P. L. Kapitsa became restricted to travel abroad / V. D. Esakov // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 1997. - T.67. - N 6. - S.543-553. BUT

P. L. Kapitsa and Yu. V. Andropov about dissent // Kommunist. - 1991. - N 7. - S.51-57. C1293 to/x

Kiperman S. "Quiet Diplomacy" by Academician Kapitsa / S. Kiperman // Secret. - 2010. - N 7.

Kozhevnikov A.B. The scientist and the state: the phenomenon of Kapitsa / A.B. Kozhevnikov // Philosophical research. - 1993. - N 4. - S.418-438. Р13102 to/x

Kozhevnikov A.B. Scientist and the state: the phenomenon of Kapitza // Science and power. - M., 1990. - S.161-192. The work of P. L. Kapitsa in England in 1921-1934, his detention in the USSR in 1934, in connection with a campaign against international scientific relations; activities of P. L. Kapitsa, his letters to Stalin, dictated by concern for the development of science in the country; the work of P. L. Kapitsa as a business executive; disgrace of P. L. Kapitsa from 1946 to 1953 G90-12338 to/x

"You can not remake the laws of nature" (P.L. Kapitsa to I.V. Stalin) / Publ. prepared Murin Yu., Melchin S., Stepanov A. // News of the Central Committee of the CPSU. - 1991. - N 2. - S.105-110. С4235 to/x

Oklyansky Y. Academician and autocrats: (from the life of P.L. Kapitsa) // Higher education in Russia. - 1994. - N 1. - S.197-212. History of P. L. Kapitsa's correspondence with Stalin. C4528 to/x

Let me go free // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.120-121. P. L. Kapitsa's letter to Molotov (1935) and draft letter to Rutherford. BUT

Rutherford E. The ban on Professor Kapitza's departure from Russia is a shock to the scientific world / E. Rutherford // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.118-119. 1935 article BUT

Repinsky S.M. Problems of science, education and society in the works of P.L. Kapitsa / S.M. Repinsky // Scientific notes of NGAEiU. - Novosibirsk, 2001. - Issue. 4. - S.129-136. Т1720/2001-4 kh4

Rubinin P. On the history of one letter of P.A. Kapitsa / P. Rubinin // Kommunist. - 1991. - N 7. - S.58-67. Letter from P. L. Kapitsa to Andropov regarding the expulsion of Sakharov and Orlov. C1293 to/x

"... Courage, scope and daring are required": five letters of Academician P. L. Kapitsa to N. S. Khrushchev / Publ. prepared Rubinin P.E. // Banner. - 1989 - N 5. - S.200-208. Letters (1953-1958) on the organization of science. S2170 to/x

Feinberg E.L. Landau, Kapitsa and Stalin. To the 90th anniversary of L.D. Landau / E.L. Feinberg // Nature. - 1998. - N 1. - S.65-75. It tells about the arrest of L.D. Landau in 1938 and the role of P.L. Kapitsa in his release. The alleged role of Stalin in the Landau affair is also discussed. BUT

Khalatnikov I.M. Kapitsa won / I.M. Khalatnikov // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.92-104. Memories of the life of P. L. Kapitsa from 1946 to 1954 BUT

Khrushchev N.S. Let Academician Kapitsa forgive me / N.S. Khrushchev // Nature. - 1994. - N 4. - S.126-129.

/ P.Kapitza // Bulletin of the atomic scientists. - Chicago, 1990. - Vol. 46. ​​- N 3. - P.26-33. (revised Nov 2018)

(biography) - (revised Nov 2018)

Scientists and inventors of Russia - Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich - (revised Nov 2018)

Kapitsa in the singular - Film by A. Stolyarov - (revised Nov 2018)

"Historical Chronicles" with Nikolai Svanidze. 1931 Peter Kapitsa - (revised Nov 2018)

Pyotr Kapitsa was born on July 8, 1894 in Kronstadt in the family of a military engineer. He graduated from high school, then a real school. He was fond of physics and electrical engineering, he showed a particular passion for clock design.

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. (wikipedia.org)

While studying at a real school, 1912. (wikipedia.org)

In 1912 he entered the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, but in 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, he went to the front.

At the front, 1915 (wikipedia.org)

After demobilization, he returned to the institute and worked in the laboratory of A.F. Ioffe. The first scientific work (dedicated to obtaining thin quartz filaments) was published in 1916 in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.

Seminar by A. F. Ioffe, 1916. (wikipedia.org)

After graduating from the institute, Kapitsa became a teacher at the Faculty of Physics and Mechanics, then an employee of the Physics Institute created in Petrograd, which was headed by Ioffe.

Ioffe Seminar, 1916. (wikipedia.org)

In 1921, Kapitsa was sent to England - he worked at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, led by E. Rutherford. The Russian physicist quickly made a brilliant career - he became the director of the Mond laboratory at the Royal Scientific Society.

With fellow physicists at Cambridge. (wikipedia.org)

His work in the 1920s 20th century devoted to nuclear physics, physics and technology of superstrong magnetic fields, physics and technology of low temperatures, high-power electronics, physics of high-temperature plasma.

With Paul Dirac in Cambridge, 1920s. (wikipedia.org)

With wife Anna in Cambridge, 1930. (wikipedia.org)

In 1934 Kapitsa returned to Russia. In Moscow, he founded the Institute of Physical Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the post of director of which he took in 1935.

Participants of the Solvay Conference, 1930. (wikipedia.org)

At the opening of his own laboratory in Cambridge, 1933. (wikipedia.org)

Rutherford visiting Kapitsa in the Cambridge laboratory. (wikipedia.org)

At the same time, Kapitsa became a professor at Moscow State University (1936-1947). In 1939, the scientist was elected an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1957 he was a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

With referent Shaposhnikov, 1935. (wikipedia.org)

Along with the organization of the scientific process, Kapitsa was constantly engaged in research work. Together with N. N. Semenov, he proposed a method for determining the magnetic moment of an atom.

Kapitsa and Nikolai Semyonov in a painting by Boris Kustodiev. (wikipedia.org)

Kapitsa was the first in the history of science to place a cloud chamber in a strong magnetic field and observe the curvature of the trajectory of alpha particles.

Kapitsa and laboratory assistant Filimonov investigate liquid helium, 1939. (wikipedia.org)

He established the law of a linear increase in the electrical resistance of a number of metals depending on the strength of the magnetic field (Kapitza's law). He created new methods for liquefying hydrogen and helium; developed a method of liquefying air using a turbo-expander.

Soviet physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was born in Kronstadt, a naval fortress located on an island in the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg, where his father Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, lieutenant general of the engineering corps, served. Mother K. Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa (Stebnitskaya) was a famous teacher and collector of folklore. After graduating from high school in Kronstadt, K. entered the faculty of electrical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1918. The next three years he taught at the same institute. Under the leadership of A.F. Ioffe, who was the first in Russia to start research in the field of atomic physics, K., together with his classmate Nikolai Semenov, developed a method for measuring the magnetic moment of an atom in a non-uniform magnetic field, which in 1921 was improved by Otto Stern.

Student years and the beginning of teaching K. fell on the October Revolution and the Civil War. It was a time of disaster, famine and epidemics. During one of these epidemics, K.'s young wife, Nadezhda Chernosvitova, whom they married in 1916, and their two small children died. Ioffe insisted that K. need to go abroad, but the revolutionary government did not give permission for this until Maxim Gorky, the most influential Russian writer at that time, intervened. In 1921, Mr.. K. allowed to go to England, where he became an employee of Ernest Rutherford, who worked at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. K. quickly won the respect of Rutherford and became his friend.

The first studies conducted by K. in Cambridge, were devoted to the deflection of alpha and beta particles emitted by radioactive nuclei in a magnetic field. Experiments prompted him to create powerful electromagnets. By discharging an electric battery through a small coil of copper wire (in this case, a short circuit occurred), K. managed to obtain magnetic fields that were 6 ... 7 times greater than all the previous ones. The discharge did not lead to overheating or mechanical destruction of the device, because its duration was only about 0.01 seconds.

The creation of unique equipment for measuring temperature effects associated with the influence of strong magnetic fields on the properties of matter, such as magnetic resistance, led to. to study the problems of low temperature physics. To achieve such temperatures, it was necessary to have a large amount of liquefied gases. Developing fundamentally new refrigeration machines and installations, K. used all his remarkable talent as a physicist and engineer. The pinnacle of his creativity in this area was the creation in 1934 of an unusually productive installation for the liquefaction of helium, which boils (turns from a liquid state into a gaseous state) or liquefies (turns from a gaseous state into a liquid state) at a temperature of about 4.3K. The liquefaction of this gas was considered the most difficult. Liquid helium was first obtained in 1908 by the Dutch physicist Heike Kammerling-Onnes. But the K. installation was capable of producing 2 liters of liquid helium per hour, while the Kammerling-Onnes method required several days to obtain a small amount of it with impurities. In the K. installation, helium undergoes rapid expansion and cools before the heat of the environment has time to warm it; then the expanded helium enters the machine for further processing. K. also managed to overcome the problem of freezing of the lubricant of moving parts at low temperatures, using liquid helium itself for these purposes.

In Cambridge, the scientific authority of K. grew rapidly. He successfully moved up the steps of the academic hierarchy. In 1923, Mr.. K. became a doctor of science and received a prestigious scholarship from James Clerk Maxwell. In 1924 he was appointed Associate Director of the Cavendish Laboratory for Magnetic Research, and in 1925 became a Fellow of Trinity College. In 1928, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR awarded K. the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and in 1929 elected him its corresponding member. The following year, K. becomes a research professor at the Royal Society of London. At the insistence of Rutherford, the Royal Society is building a new laboratory specifically for K. It was named the Mond Laboratory in honor of the German-born chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond, whose funds, bequeathed to the Royal Society of London, were built. The opening of the laboratory took place in 1934. K. became its first director, but he was destined to work there for only one year.

Relations between K. and the Soviet government have always been rather mysterious and incomprehensible. During his thirteen-year stay in England, K. returned several times to the Soviet Union with his second wife, nee Anna Alekseevna Krylova, to give lectures, visit his mother and spend holidays in some Russian resort. Soviet officials repeatedly asked him to stay permanently in the USSR. K. was interested in such proposals, but put forward certain conditions, in particular the freedom to travel to the West, because of which the solution of the issue was postponed. At the end of the summer of 1934, K. and his wife once again came to the Soviet Union, but when the couple prepared to return to England, it turned out that their exit visas had been cancelled. After a furious but useless skirmish with officials in Moscow, K. was forced to stay in his homeland, and his wife was allowed to return to England to the children. Somewhat later, Anna Alekseevna joined her husband in Moscow, and the children followed her. Rutherford and other friends of K. appealed to the Soviet government with a request to allow him to leave to continue working in England, but in vain.

In 1935, Mr.. K. offered to become director of the newly created Institute of Physical Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, but before giving his consent, K. refused the proposed post for almost a year. Rutherford, resigned to the loss of his outstanding collaborator, allowed the Soviet authorities to buy Mond's laboratory equipment and send it by sea to the USSR. Negotiations, transportation of equipment and its installation at the Institute of Physical Problems took several years.

K. resumed his research on low-temperature physics, including the properties of liquid helium. He designed installations for the liquefaction of other gases. In 1938, Mr.. K. improved a small turbine, very efficient liquefying air. He was able to detect an extraordinary decrease in the viscosity of liquid helium when cooled to a temperature below 2.17 K, at which it changes into a form called helium-2. The loss of viscosity allows it to flow freely through the smallest holes and even climb the walls of the container, as if "not feeling" the action of gravity. The absence of viscosity is also accompanied by an increase in thermal conductivity. K. called the new phenomenon he discovered superfluidity.

Two of K.'s former colleagues at the Cavendish Laboratory, J.F. Allen A.D. Mizener, performed similar studies. All three published articles summarizing their results in the same issue of the British magazine Nature. K.'s article in 1938 and two other papers published in 1942 are among his most important papers in low-temperature physics. K., who had an unusually high authority, boldly defended his views even during the purges carried out by Stalin in the late 30s. When in 1938, Lev Landau, an employee of the Institute for Physical Problems, was arrested on charges of spying for Nazi Germany, K. secured his release. To do this, he had to go to the Kremlin and threaten to resign from the post of director of the institute in case of refusal.

In his reports to the government representatives, K. openly criticized those decisions that he considered wrong. Little is known about K.'s activities during the Second World War in the West. In October 1941, he attracted public attention by issuing a warning about the possibility of building an atomic bomb. He may have been the first physicist to make such a claim. Subsequently, K. denied his participation in the creation of both atomic and hydrogen bombs. There is quite convincing evidence to back up his claims. It is not clear, however, whether his refusal was dictated by moral considerations or a difference of opinion as to the extent to which the proposed part of the project was consistent with the traditions and capabilities of the Institute for Physical Problems.

It is known that in 1945, when the Americans dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and in the Soviet Union, work on the creation of nuclear weapons began with even greater energy, K. was removed from the post of director of the institute and was under house arrest for eight years. He was deprived of the opportunity to communicate with his colleagues from other research institutes. At his dacha, he equipped a small laboratory and continued to do research. Two years after Stalin's death, in 1955, he was reinstated as director of the Institute for Physical Problems and remained in this position until the end of his life.

Postwar scientific work K. cover the most diverse areas of physics, including the hydrodynamics of thin layers of liquid and the nature of ball lightning, but his main interests are focused on microwave generators and the study of various properties of plasma. Plasma is commonly understood to mean gases heated to such a high temperature that their atoms lose electrons and turn into charged ions. Unlike neutral atoms and molecules of ordinary gas, ions are affected by large electric forces created by other ions, as well as electric and magnetic fields created by any external source. That is why plasma is sometimes considered a special form of matter. Plasma is used in fusion reactors operating at very high temperatures. In the 50's., While working on the creation of a microwave generator, K. discovered that high-intensity microwaves generate a clearly observed luminous discharge in helium. By measuring the temperature at the center of the helium discharge, he found that at a distance of several millimeters from the discharge boundary, the temperature changes by approximately 2,000,000 K. This discovery formed the basis for the design of a fusion reactor with continuous plasma heating. It is possible that such a reactor will be simpler and cheaper than pulsed fusion reactors used in other fusion experiments.

In addition to achievements in experimental physics, K. proved to be a brilliant administrator and educator. Under his leadership, the Institute for Physical Problems became one of the most productive and prestigious institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences, attracting many of the country's leading physicists. K. took part in the creation of a research center near Novosibirsk - Akademgorodok, and a new type of higher educational institution - the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Plants for liquefying gases built by K. found wide application in industry. The use of oxygen extracted from liquid air for oxygen blasting revolutionized the Soviet steel industry.

In his advanced years, K., who had never been a member of the Communist Party, using all his authority, criticized the tendency prevailing in the Soviet Union to make judgments on scientific issues based on non-scientific grounds. He opposed the construction of a pulp and paper mill, which threatened to pollute Lake Baikal with its wastewater; condemned the undertaken by the CPSU in the mid-60s. attempt to rehabilitate Stalin and, together with Andrei Sakharov and other members of the intelligentsia, signed a letter protesting the forced imprisonment of biologist Zhores Medvedev in a psychiatric hospital. K. was a member of the Soviet Committee of the Pugwash Movement for Peace and Disarmament. He also made several suggestions on how to overcome the alienation between Soviet and American sciences.

In 1965, for the first time after more than thirty years, K. received permission to leave the Soviet Union for Denmark to receive the Niels Bohr International Gold Medal awarded by the Danish Society of Civil Engineers, Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. There he visited scientific laboratories and delivered a lecture on high energy physics. In 1966, Mr.. K. again visited England, in his old laboratories, shared his memories of Rutherford in a speech, which he spoke to members of the Royal Society of London. In 1969, Mr.. K. together with his wife for the first time made a trip to the United States.

K. was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978. "For fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics." He shared his award with Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson. Introducing the laureates, Lamek Hulten of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences remarked: “K. stands before us as one of the greatest experimenters of our time, an undeniable pioneer, leader and master in his field.

In 1927, during his stay in England, K. married a second time. His wife was Anna Alekseevna Krylova, daughter of the famous shipbuilder, mechanic and mathematician Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov, who, on behalf of the government, was sent to England to oversee the construction of ships commissioned by Soviet Russia. The Kapitsa couple had two sons. Both of them later became scientists. In his youth, K., while in Cambridge, drove a motorcycle, smoked a pipe and wore tweed suits. He retained his English habits throughout his life. In Moscow, next to the Institute of Physical Problems, an English-style cottage was built for him. He ordered clothes and tobacco from England. In his spare time, K. liked to play chess and repair old clocks. He died April 8, 1984.

K. was awarded many awards and honorary titles both at home and in many countries around the world. He was an honorary doctor of eleven universities on four continents, was a member of many scientific societies, academies of the United States of America, the Soviet Union and most European countries, was the owner of numerous awards and prizes for his scientific and political activities, including seven Orders of Lenin.

Nobel Prize Laureates: Encyclopedia: Per. from English - M .: Progress, 1992.
© The H.W. Wilson Company, 1987.
© Translation into Russian with additions, Progress Publishing House, 1992.